Treatment and Interventions for Osteoarthritis

Treatment and Interventions for OsteoarthritisINTRODUCTIONOsteoarthritis is very common among the old age people. It is excessively termed as hold up and tear arthritis as it occurs when the protective cartilage, surrounding the bones, wears and tears down. In the present case study, an old woman, 87 years of age, is admitted into the hospital as she was found undecomposed her bed. Although she was lucid and conscious, she was incapable to walk on her own. This report studies intensively the case of Mrs. Mabel and outlines the problems panoramad by patients like her, who have had past history of osteoarthritis. The report in addition identifies the potential treatment options and the interventions necessary in such cases.ASSESSMENTThe two basic nursing assessment tools for assessing the health condition of Mrs. Mabel argon the Brief vexationful sensation Inventory (BPI) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). In the former, an intensive analysis of pain in the ass including its location, history and interference with activities (Seyed K. Malakouti et al. 2006). The pain is recorded on a overcome of 10, with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing pain as bad as you merchant ship imagine. The latter tool was designed to assess the depression commemorate in the older patients. Score 11 or greater than 11indicates severe depression. This tool has screening efficiency as it relies on affective rather than the sensual symptoms (Tito Mendoza 2006).CLIENTs HEALTH PROBLEMSStudying the case of Mrs. Mabel, it is evident that the three health problems related to her are the inflammation, severe interc stickeable pain and stale and cough. upheaval occurs when the chemicals from the body are released to the site of infection or injury. Mrs. Mabel was found to have inflammation in her humble leg i.e. swelling and unrelenting pain, possibly delinquent to leakage of fluid into the tissues. Since cold and cough is generally a symptom in every old patient , in case of Mrs. Mabel it is important to treat the joint inflammation first, followed by the pain and eventually the medications for addressing cough and cold. The pain in osteoarthritis is generally caused when the wear and tear of the cartilage, that surrounds the joint, is to a great extent, such that the ligaments and the tendons are completely stretched out, causing pain. The cartilage acts as a shock absorber and also reduces friction in the joints. Lastly, since we know that Mrs. Mabel had been a smoker in the past, the chances of suffering from cold and cough are pretty high. It is therefore necessary to address the inflammation first, so that the pain in that area is comparatively reduced and then burst pharmacological or non pharmacological assistance in reducing the pain in other joints as well. To ensure safe and quality care of Mrs. Mabel, these problems should be addressed in accordance with their priorities. The age factor of Mrs. Mabel should also be interpreted into consideration as many treatment options, even most of the medications, pass on prove to be harmful for her age. She should be given the support to move along and also be encouraged to participate in day-after-day activities.GOALSThe study goals of osteoarthritis treatment include alleviation of pain and restoring the typical functioning of the person. Since Mrs.Mabel has a serious pain issue such that she complains about it frequently and it is hampering her normal existence, it is important to address and treat her pain and reduce her discomfort. Another goal should be to restore her normal functioning. As we know that the right leg of Mrs. Mabel is comparatively shorter than the left leg, she faces problem in moving around and needs a constant support to assist her mobility. Therefore, it is important to address the inflammation in her lower leg and prevent its reoccurrence. To address these goals, the patient generally receives both pharmacological and non pharmacologic al treatment, the former comprising of drugs and NSAIDs, while the latter comprising of therapies and the physical exercises. Surgical interventions have also suggested that if the joints are severely damaged, then the only option available for treatment is the partial or complete replacement of the joint.INTERVENTIONSThe first and the foremost goal is to resign pain and that can be mediated by psychological intervention techniques like providing education through various programs, coping skills training (CST) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). These techniques inspection and repair in enhancing self efficacy, help in managing stress, reduce helplessness and catastrophizing. Most patients have easy access to the basic medical care exclusively the psychological aspects are generally neglected. The most commonly used educational intervention is the community based Arthritis Self Management Program, which targets the self efficacy skills and helps in management of arthritis s ymptoms (Catherine Backman 2006). On the other hand, CBT and CST approaches include cognitive and behavioral exercises like guided imagery or relaxation, changing activity patterns, etc. These exercises help in active coping and alleviation of pain in the osteoarthritis patients.The second goal is t restore the normal functioning of the joints and this can be achieved by rehabilitation program that helps in motion of the knee and thereby reduces pain also. The patient is advised to do regular exercises including heel prop exercises, prone hang exercises and also the towel consultation stretches. These exercises help in knee extension which is opposite and equal to the normal knee. If the patients do not receive any help from this exercise regime then a hyperextension device (Elite Seat, manufactured by the kneebourne Therapeutic) can be used along with other devices that are used for extension purposes (K. Donald Shelbourne 2007). The rehabilitation program also aims in educating t he patients about their daily habits and they should change them in order to relieve tension on the knee and relax. Certain aerobiotic exercises like bike, stair stepping machine or elliptical machines are also the part of the program. The patients are also encouraged to maintain complete motion so that the non pharmacological approach provides relief that is permanent as compared to the relief obtained via pharmacological drugs and other analgesics (K. Donald Shelbourn 2007).DISCHARGEThere are various problems faced by the immemorial patients post discharge after getting the treatment for osteoarthritis done. Like in case of Mrs. Mabel, even after getting the surgery for arthritis done, she still complains of persistent pain in her legs. Post discharge issues generally include comorbid physical health problems, depression, and limitation in the functional capacity and improper dietary pattern (T. James 2005). Among all the patients of osteoarthritis, majority of them report pers istent pain, even after the surgery. Another issue is the tight check on the weight because osteoarthritis can be severely influenced by obesity and can prove fatal. Next problem or issue faced by the patients post discharge is the inlet of medications on a regular basis. Post discharge medications like Acetaminophen and NSAIDs are generally given to the patients. The former is used to reduce pain if taken in prescribed dose and the latter helps in providing relief from swelling and the pain due to it. Apart from the medications, the doctors generally advise regular physiotherapy exercises that entrust help in keeping the join in motion and gradually provide the necessary extension to the joints such that the normal functioning is restored. Therefore there are many issues governing the discharge from the hospital. In order to address these issues it important to discuss the problems with the health care specialist first. Older people denudation it very difficult to cope with the pain and the reduced mobility. They have to keep themselves dependent on various analgesics and the anti inflammatory medicines that help in relieving pain and providing the necessary comfort. In case of Mrs. Mabel she was detected with an inflammation on her lower leg. Likewise, post discharge, there is high risk of inflammation, blood clots and swelling. Even after being treated, the patient may encounter situations of helplessness and depression, which may arise as a result of incapability to participate in the routine or daily activities and thereby developing high levels of anxiety. In order to avoid or prevent these issues, the family must take the responsibility of their older loved ones, once they are discharged. Their support, care and continuous monitoring will enable the patients to cope with the prevailing situation and help in quick recovery.CONCLUSIONThis report gives a elaborate description about the symptoms, causes and the crises faced by Mrs. Mabel. It outlines the major interventions and strategies that will her cope with her situation. Techniques like education through various programs, coping skills training (CST) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), work on the psychological aspect of the patient. Along with these the rehabilitation regime also aids in helping the patient by reducing pain and swelling. The major goals of the patient care have also been outlined in this report like the goals of alleviating the pain and restoring the normal functioning of the joints. To summarize, this report is important as it throws light on the condition of the patient and the necessary plan of action that is adopted for the care. It also draws attention towards the post discharge problems, that the patient will face and lists out the strategies that can help and address those issues.

Modern Communication Technology And Acculturation Of Children Education Essay

Modern Communication Technology And refinement Of Children Education EssayOver the last several years, as natural waves of African immigrants and their children welcome continued to enter the United States, exploreers have considered the impact of semiotics of modern conversation ne devilrks and technologies on acculturation and heathenish identity, as come up as the gists of immigration on the nations economy and society. However, the way immigrant children adapt to American appraises by using kindly networks and technologies has been or soly ignored. McDonnell Hill (2008) explained that children rifle into the United States today represent a particularly diverse range of cultures, and most importantly, some have had little or no formal pedagogy in their native countries.Little is known almost how cultural conflicts evolved from the phthisis of these technologies and became integrated into core American value in discourses, lookal skills, attitudes and finally ap prehend the norms of American society and the cultural semiotics that are prevalent. Another overlooked factor is generally the impact the act of using modern dialogue engineering has on the adaptation mathematical process and the psychological consequences that emerge as these bran-new youth African immigrants learn a new culture, new loving norms and determine, and most importantly, a new cultural language.Relevance of this searchKristin McCarthy (2010) confirms that immigration and the subsequent acculturation process results in enormous stress for children. McCarthy (2010) clarified how experts agree that existence connected and accepted is an important component of adolescent development, and the inability to have this connection and behave as Americans could result in an increased risk of depression, suicide, bullying, alienation, condition failures and drop-outs. Failure to connect could also lead to misinterpretation of societal values leading to criminal activitie s. Most importantly, the language barrier may bring about rejection from the society. Redfield, Linton Herskovits (1936) showed that there is growing attention on the role of acculturation, the complex process of change that individuals experience as a result of continuous contact with another(prenominal) culture in behaviors of immigrants residing in the United States.Evidence is mixed as to whether acculturation using Social networks and modern parley technology helps or harms African immigrants who make America their new home. This vignette get out be the first to evaluate the relationship between acculturation and modern colloquy technologies amongst African immigrants. This study should provide a foundation for further cross-cultural investigate on brotherly communication networks, acculturation and the physical and psychological functioning of African American childrenSignificance of the ProblemThe influx of African immigrants and their children to the United States in the last two decades has been phenomenal. The number of African immigrants to the United States more than quadrupled in the last two decades (Immigration and Naturalization Services, 2009, Jo, 1999). We are aware of the correlates of genial act behavior of African American children (Chandler et al, 2002), However, little is known about the neighborly activity behaviors and unique personal, companionable and environsal correlates of social activity in African immigrant children use of social networks and communication technologies in their adjustment to a new society. Thus, it is important to identify the enamour of acculturation process using social networks and modern communication technologies, in addition to commonly examined correlates of social activity on African American childrens social activity behavior.Objective of this studyThe purpose of this study is to examine how the use of lucre social communication networks exchangeable MySpace, Facebook, Twitter and modern communication technologies like smart-phones instant messages, multimedia (online gaming), blogging and discussion forums called Social Activity, have impacted the acculturation process of young African immigrants(18-25 years) to the nation. The larger goal is to increase understanding of cultural conflicts, semiotics of language differences, and adaptation process in order to promote diversity and enrichment in American society.Research questionsThe proposed research forget service the following(a) questionsWhat are the social activity behaviors of young African immigrants using social networks or modern communication technologies?What are the metrics of young African immigrants say-so strategies to be pursued within their adaptation process correlated with their use of social networks and modern communication technology?Is there a direct effect and/or indirect effect of acculturation on social activity behavior through intrapersonal correlates of social activity using social networks and modern communication technology?What are the relationships between acculturation (multidimensional young African immigrant and American acculturation and proxy language, length of stay in the US, age at immigration) and other background correlates of social activity (use of social network sites, communication with peers on Internet and communication technologies serving as status symbol), interpersonal correlates of social activity and social activity behaviors of young African immigrants.Conceptual erectworkThe conceptual framework used to guide this study will be adapted from Anthony Giddens structuration opening of interaction of groups and organizations with cultivation technology called Adaptive Structuration Theory (DeSanctis, G., Poole (1994) modified this model and used it successfully and criticized the technocentric view of technology use and emphasized social flavors. DeSanctis, G., Poole, M. S. (1994) emphasized that groups and organizations using br eeding technology for their work dynamically create perceptions about the role and utility of the technology, and how it can be applied to their activities. These perceptions can vary widely across groups. integrity major assumption of this model is that the role and utility of technology and how it can be applied influence the way and how technology is used and hence interrupt its impact on group outcomes. To understand and give validity to these perceptions by DeSanctis Pooles theory (1994), Gordon (1964) concept of Assimilation in American flavor will be evaluated to determine changes in behaviors pattern of immigrants establish on use of technology.Literature followsThis research will present a comprehensive literature review on acculturation of young African immigrant into americans social-cultural pattern in their use of social technologies. An in-depth look will be provided into the aspects of web-based social technology associated phenomena including languages, interact ions, cultural influences and status quo of these technologies as modern wave of new generation acceptance. Amongst specific literatures to be reviewed will be based on the following model lists.Social change and AcculturationSocial activity enables psychology of social change and acculturation, which showed that many psychological characterizes become altered as individuals experience changes in their socio-cultural milieus ( pick, J. W., Poortinga, Segall Dasen, 2002). These changes can be as a result of social changes that are taking place from within a society (Georgas, 1993), or may result from contact with other cultures (Feldman et al, 2002). Berry et al (2002) also cogitate that these changes have been identified as economic changes that move people away from traditional pursuits and norms towards new forms of employment and empowerment, alteration in social relationships including intergroup and interpersonal relations, and cultural changes that involve the alteration of traditional institutions and the replacement of these with imported ones.Socio-cultural values of technology assimilation by young West African immigrantsInformation technologies are both a by-product of the socio-cultural environment within which they evolve as well as a substantive and strategic sub-system of that environment (Elmandjra, 2001). McGinn (2006) explained that the significance of understanding a new cultural environment is to accept the invasion of technologies and their products or to opt for an rest slight stand and for the elaboration of strategies and policies to ensure social relevance as well as cultural coherence. Steward (2009) believed that cultures do not change according to some inner logic, but rather in foothold of a changing relationship with a changing environment even with technology.Americanism and Social NetworksThe Internet has fundamentally changed our communication patterns in which peoples interactions are increasingly dependent on electronic c ommunication channels and less confined by territorial gaps. Such change has shrunk the distances between physical location importantly and thus brought about a brand new view of space and time (Miller, 2002 Watson et al., 2002). As the need for adaptation of African immigrant children into American way of life continues, the need for study of the cross-cultural adoption and use of IT has been souring which is evidenced by the surging number of pertinent research papers published and presented. electronic computer networks have been used to support information and knowledge exchange among geographically dispersed users and distributed social interactions(Ahuja et al., 2003).Social-cultural adaptation of modern communication dickheadsBlau (1964) showed that social exchange theory positing that individuals engage in social interaction because they expect to receive some type of reward whose form does not necessarily confine to monetary value but also emotional values including appro val status and respect. Wasko et al. (2005) clarified further that one potential way an individual can benefit from active participation is the perception that participation enhances his or her personal reputation in the society. Therefore, reputation, acceptance and status symbols are assets that young West African immigrant can supplement to achieve and maintain assimilation within a collective environment (Jones et al., 1997).RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research methodology consists of three phases to leverage the strengths of qualitative and quantifiable methods. The first phase will review extant research literature related to the influential factor of web-based social networks as a form of communication technology participation. The picture of the semiotics of cultural interaction will be evaluated as an adaptation process of young West African immigrants. The objective of this work on will be to identify explanatory constructs from academic works across disciplines including social network theory, cultural dimensions, and individual train technology acceptance as evidence amongst selected young West African immigrants to the United States.The second phase will consent to researcher to conduct in-depth interviews of young West African immigrants that carry through the minimal requirements for web-based social network usage on one hand and other physical communication tools such as cell phones, blogging and multimedia. These interviews will be guided by a qualitative interview instrument, which contains a series of open-ended questions for the interview process. By engaging in the interview will allow the researcher to further elicit driving factors of user adoption of both social networks and the social activity involved in the use of the physical communication tools.The final phase, along with indicators generated in phase one and two will allow researcher to gather entropy from these interviews to create a 100-page quantitative aspect that will be distributed to a random population of young West African immigrant in 25 states in the United States of users of both social networks and communication tools. In this way, empirical evidence can be obtained through analyzing users ratings of indicators that pinpoint the significance of social communication technology to acculturation of young West African American immigrants. The instrument will be subjected to subject validity analysis, the try frame will be identified to enable the broadest generalization, and the instrument items will be assessed for discriminated validity.Work plan for entropy collectionIn order to maintain both social and material properties, it is important to adopt a triangulation concept which could evidence legitimate ground to reduce the methodological conflict between qualitative and quantitative research approaches (Orlikowski and Robey 1991 Yin, 1994). McGrath (1982) justified the use of both qualitative and quantitative method in three methodologi cal dimensions namely generalizability, precision and realism. investigator intends to incorporate the three dimensions in his research work plan for data collection.Sample FrameResearcher intends to select research subjects before the research design can be carried out for data collection. The sample frame for pre-test and large home plate subject field will be drawn from two distinct areas. The first will be from college students whose ages range between 17 to 24 in United States and new West African immigrants who recently won the DV Visa lottery. In order to justify using this frame, the researcher will revisit the focal issue of this research and explain how it would be difficult to conduct meaningful research without studying young west African immigrants who are both new and young web-based social communication tool users or adopters. information CollectionSince this research will include technology study, survey and restrainled experiment are considered widely adopted to manifest causal relationships between observed variables. Each of them bears advantages and disadvantages and it is contingent upon various factors to decide which one has better fit with the research context. Lyberg and Kasprizyk (1991) explained that pass judgment quality of collected data, estimated costs, expected level of errors and length of the data collection period are major reasons for controlled experiment. Bailey (2002) agrees that this will explain why lab experiment are not as popularly used in social science as in other disciplines such as natural science. In addition to survey, other content analysis techniques including secondary data sources, archive data exploration, objective measures or tests, and semi-structured interviews are used to compensate for some limitations of quantitative data analysis.Qualitative Data CollectionThe qualitative data collection to be used will range from interviews, observational techniques such as participant observation and field work, through to archival research. Both primary and secondary sources of data will be used exclusively in this research. Insights into social networks and web-based communication tools will be generated based on a wide range of differentiatey of industrial reports, newspaper stories, national statistics and descriptive research. The primary sources of data will refer to those data which are unpublished and which the researcher has gathered from the subjects or organization directly. The interview process will involve interviewees from US and from 25 states primarily at selected colleges. Written permission will be obtained with the application for IRB approval from each college. The screening process will consider subjects commonalities and cohesion of traits including culture, education and social communication tool activity in a web-based environment. Guidelines will also be incorporated into the interview design to elicit the subjective, contextual, and spontaneous information concerning web-based socializing activities and consistent use of modern communication tools.Quantitative Data CollectionSelltiz et al., (1976) explained that when using the explanatory survey approach that makes logical inferences from non-experimental data, the researcher does not need to manipulate predicting variables or make concession of groups because the variables are observed in their natural settings. Newsted et al., (1996) further clarified that epistemologically, surveys provide one way of obtaining and validating knowledge and raised the question whether surveys had outlived their usefulness and concluded that surveys are entrance in certain conditions and less useful in others.Selltiz et al. (1976) argued that an explanatory survey is applicable when studying complicated social phenomena in which causal patterns contain multiple factors and more than one predicting variable is found. Cronbach (1971) explained that the main purpose of conducting the survey is to move from observations to theory validation by using an instrument that captures necessity data in an unbiased manner. It is suggested that by doing this will require a clear understanding of the concepts of constructs and their relationships which are important to make sense of human behavior involving information systems use.Scales DevelopmentThe researcher will use psychometric response scales, a five point Likert scale will be selected Strong disagree/Disagree/Neutral/Agree/Strongly Agree. Researcher chose this type of response scale because of its good balance between parsimonious design and room of response. Researcher did not use the most popular wider range of scale such 7 or 10 because of its ambiguity in transformation data. Dawes (2008) found that data from 5-level, 7-level and 10-level items showed very similar characteristics in terms of mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis after a simple transformation was applied. He further explained the lack of precision regarding the differences between moderately disagree and somewhat agree. Dawes (2008) further clarified that in order to avoid response bias which poses challenges in collecting effective data that accurately polish the social facts, it is important to use a scale with balanced keying, such as a five point scale that has an equal number of positivist and negative statements which can mitigate the problem of acquiescence bias because acquiescence on positively keyed items will balance acquiescence on negatively keyed items (pg. 79).Proposed InstrumentResearcher will cover three general areas of structuration theory of interaction of groups and organizations with information technology called Adaptive Structuration Theory and pertinent meditation are rooted in research literature of IS and socio-cultural theories that would help to answer the research questions suggested in this research. The areas to be covered will include the use of technology and social communication tools, social behavio r motivation to acculturation and cultural conflict influence of the immigrantsPretestResearcher will engage in pretest which refers to a research process/experiment that precedes a full scale study to examine whether operational constructs or variables are appropriate for further analysis. Researcher will use various forms of experiments and aims to replicate the formal experiment but on a smaller scale. Hunt et al., (1982)An important rule of thumb in conducting pretest is to use sampling subjects whohave the closest characteristics with those of full scale data collection. For this research,both groups of college students and DV lottery winners in the U.S. will be selected to complete the questionnaire to provide further feedbacks in terms of appropriateness of items, length of time required to finish, and overlooked dimensions. This feedback will be considered in the process of finalizing the instrument that will be distributed to a large scale sample target. The research method ology will also include content validity, measurement equivalence, common methods bias, and non-response bias.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONSResearcher will describe data collection procedures and also present data analysis results using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Researcher also plans to use supportive empirical finding which will be explained along with how statistical assumptions are satisfied. These statistical evidences will be used to examine any hypotheses generated from literature study and inferences. Researcher will also provide both descriptive and interpretive data analysis using the structural equation modeling techniques. Researcher will also answer most research questions from a confirmatory perspective, links theoretical assumptions and conclusions and completes the research methodologyQualitative Data AnalysisResearcher will use taradiddle style and open ended interview questions rather than retrieving answers based on fixed options multiple choi ces. Shim et al., (2002) explained that qualitative data can reveal the realism aspect of investigated subjects. So this section will be used to interpret perceived data obtained from interviewees in a focus group environmentMethod explanation Focus GroupResearcher believed that it is important to understand what motivates subjects of this research and the understanding of user behavior in the use of social communication network and tool when they find themselves in a different cultural environment. Researcher will use focus group method by selecting a group of interviewees (in this case, less than 30), which consist of individuals that meet the pre-screening requirements (Morgan 1998). The group will participate in the discussion whose topic is designated by the researcher. As a validated approach in behavioral sciences, focus groups are administered in US. All participants are selected social network and communication tools users including rejecters (used Social network and com munication tools and decided to discontinue usage). Researcher intends to have a table list of profile of interviewees in the United States.Quantitative Data AnalysisResearcher will analyze perceptional data statistically to discover interesting patterns hidden behind human behaviors. Respondents will be asked to report their true opinions according to a structured survey that contains items generated in literature review and qualitative data analysis.Method Description Large Scale SurveyLee (1999) argued that surveys are particularly useful in determining the actual values and interactions of variables. Researcher will use an approach which would be seen to have the following strengths compared to interpretive methods, it will be easy to administer it will determine the values and relations of variables and constructs generalizability and replicability will also be tested it will be capable of testing theoretical propositions in an objective fashion. Selltiz et al. (1976) argued t hat an explanatory survey should be adopted when studying complicated social phenomena in which causal patterns contain multiple factors and more than one predicting variable is found.Cronbach (1971) emphasized that the main purpose of conducting the surveys is to move from observations to theory validation by using an instrument that captures necessary data in an unbiased manner. Researcher will use both paper based and web based survey instrument. The selection of sample subjects will be strictly based on how well the characteristics of the target population can be represented.Data Collection AnalysisResearcher will use analysis that would demonstrate respondents social background that is consistent with the research design, namely, young African immigrants with appropriate social network and communication tool use experience. Researcher will also use a pilot study that will examine sign content validity of the collected data. Straub (1989) explained that non-response bias is a major threat to the validity of the survey method.Demographic StatisticsResearcher will use a demographic statistics of respondents that are categorized in four dimensions age, gender, web or Internet experience and modern communication tools. Researcher will use high level of homogeneity of domestic nature within one group young west African immigrants and a high level of heterogeneity across groupsgeomorphologic Equation ModelingResearcher will use the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) which is a statistical technique widely used in social science research. Byrne (2006) indicated that this consists of two major parts a measurement model and a structural model. This technique is similar to multiple regressions however, SEM is a powerful technique in constructing and examining causal relationships using measurement error and model fitness. The justification for using SEM is that it employs a confirmatory rather than exploratory approach to test models. Therefore, it is an sublime selection for theory verification instead of development, even though in reality SEM does carry some exploratory nature. Chin (2008) suggested that SEM enables IT researchers to achieve the goals including evaluate and control measurement model errors of latent variables, simultaneous analysis of multiple paths relationships, and flexibility of testing theoretical assumptions.DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONSThe core issue of research is to examine how the use of Internet social communication networks like MySpace, Facebook, Twitter and modern communication technologies like smart-phones instant messages, multimedia (online gaming), blogging and discussion forums called Social Activity, have impacted the acculturation process of young African immigrants(18-25 years) to the nation. Most of the research questions are expected to be answered in this research and findings discussed to explain different related behaviors in acculturation of young west African immigrants. Using mixed methods o f both qualitative and quantitative, the researcher will be able to reveal context-oriented insights that are complement empirical findings which are statistically inferred to large population of samples. With this in mind, researcher will divide the discussion of findings into two aspects of quantitative and qualitative including further justifications of research methodology, the implications of these findings, future research directions and conclusions.

Discuss How Carol Ann Duffy Makes Effective Use Of Metaphor. Essay

Discuss How Carol Ann Duffy Makes Effective Use Of Metaphor. In Valentine, Carol Ann Duffy aims metaphors to illustrate andattempt to explain the complex subject of whap. Valentine is a reallypoignant, meaningful poem which is on a very personal level withC.A.D. It seems as if she is drawing on personal experiences.The general tone of the poem appears to be one of bitterness andresentment. Forceful comments such as, Here.. and Take itsuggest that she still holds hidden anger towards the events fromwhich she is drawing her memories.The main metaphor that she uses is of course an onion. She uses anonion to comparison the different aspects of love in a number of ways. Inthe first instance of C.A.Ds use of an onion she uses it to comparethe fact that both an onion and love have many layers. She proposesthat this is a huge similarity between the two apparently unrelatedobjects.Secondly, C.A.D uses the onions shape and colour to hypothecate how lifechanging love can be. She describes the onion as a moon wrapped in dark-brown paper What she means by this is that love can light up yourheart but that it often becomes clouded by other issues and problems-the brown paper symbolizes the barrier. In another way, the brownpaper could symbolize boundaries people sometimes erect because theyare scared or cynical.C.A.D. seems to be cynical about love-all throughout the poem sheseems to want to explode the clichs and what most people wouldconsider as romance. Perhaps this may be because she has had a badexperience of love which she has then illustrated through delivery in herpoem.Just after this she states it promises light.. which means thatC.A.D is suggesting that sometimes a... ...reak.In the final stanza, C.A.D writes, the air tasted of electricity..She is referring to the charged atmosphere caused by adolescenthormones. Obviously the classroom is going away to be full of hormonesbecause of all the children. Another reference to the heavily chargedatmosphere is, the heavy, sexy sky.. which just supports theatmosphere being hormonally charged.Carol Ann Duffys use of metaphors is very strengthive andillustrative-it causes readers to form subconscious links betweenobjects which in reality are apparently unrelated. Without the use ofmetaphors, her poems would be entirely different and I am not surethey would be as flowing or as descriptive. The metaphors are oftenthe basis upon which C.A.Ds descriptions are built. She uses them togreat effect by blending and layering metaphors with other adjectivesand descriptions.

Who Is Babylon? Essay -- Exploring the Scriptures

In Revelation chapters 17 and 18 we read about the owing(p) whore named Babylonwho sits on many waters and is the m otherwisewise of all harlots. The physical bodyry in which theapostle John uses to describe Babylon has very significant meaning, in particularfor the perform as she approaches the end of the age. It is of paramount importanceto understand who this Babylon is and how she affects the life of every believer.Throughout the ages there have been many attempts to identify Babylon. Mosthave concord that she is the Roman Catholic Church (in particular the Vatican),even to the point of identifying the Pope as the anti-Christ himself. Others havesuggested that Babylon is not a religious structure but more than than likely political,pointing to the EEC (the European Economic Community), or to the United States (inparticular New York with Wall Street). Further more, others have gone as far as tosuggest that Babylon is geographical, pointing to mod day Iraq from where thatf ormer great civilization originated, and suggesting that one day that civilizationwill rise again to become a new superpower.While it is true that one may find levels of Babylon in all these things, however,none of these things in themselves can fully make up Babylon. In other words,Babylon may, and does exist in these things, but no one can point to any one ofthese things and say, This is Babylon. The reality is, that all these (ie. theEuropean Union, United States with its big line of descent, the Vatican, and otherpolitical and religious institutions) are made up of people, and it is IN THEHEARTS of people you will find Babylon. These entities have been allowed by Godto visibly show us Babylon and point to something of the nature of fallen man.The heart is deceitful above all things, And desperately wicked Who canknow it? (Jer 179).The origins of Babylon, as far as mankind is concerned, dates right back to thegarden of Eden when Adam and Eve were given a choice as to whether t hey wouldfollow the headmaster through a life of obedience and faith, or try to become as Godthrough their own striving. From the beginning, Gods intention was that manwould manifest the compute of God and grow into full maturity through obedienceto the will of the nobleman. As we know, Adam and Eve chose to disobey and eat fromthe tree of knowledge of sound and evil. From that time o... ...e it is the opposite of Gods love which allows forgodom of choice, it forces aperson(s) to behave a certain way, usually through emotional blackmail. Extremeforms of witchcraft used by the occult involve black magic. However, subtle formsof manipulation can not only be found in the personal lives of many believers, butto a fault in the everyday running of many of Gods churches. Husbands and wives havefound that certain emotions will result in receiving a favourable response fromtheir spouse. Likewise, church leading have found that certain words said in aparticular manner, or maybe a tear at the right time, or even a certain physicalgesture, is able to move the congregation towards the goal of that leadershiphip. THISIS WITCHCRAFT This takes away a persons ability to make a fire choice to obeyby FORCING their emotions to make a favourable response towards the onedisplaying these emotions. THIS RUNS CONTRARY TO GODS LAW OFLOVE..........Love commanded is not love at all. hit CitedThe New Oxford Annotated Bible With the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, NewRevised Standard Version. Michael D. Coogan, editor. New York Oxford UP, 2001.Print. Who Is Babylon? Essay -- Exploring the ScripturesIn Revelation chapters 17 and 18 we read about the great whore named Babylonwho sits on many waters and is the mother of all harlots. The imagery in which theapostle John uses to describe Babylon has very significant meaning, in particularfor the church as she approaches the end of the age. It is of paramount importanceto understand who this Babylon is and how she a ffects the life of every believer.Throughout the ages there have been many attempts to identify Babylon. Mosthave concur that she is the Roman Catholic Church (in particular the Vatican),even to the point of identifying the Pope as the anti-Christ himself. Others havesuggested that Babylon is not a religious structure but more likely political,pointing to the EEC (the European Economic Community), or to the United States (inparticular New York with Wall Street). Further more, others have gone as far as tosuggest that Babylon is geographical, pointing to modern day Iraq from where thatformer great civilization originated, and suggesting that one day that civilizationwill rise again to become a modern superpower.While it is true that one may find levels of Babylon in all these things, however,none of these things in themselves can fully make up Babylon. In other words,Babylon may, and does exist in these things, but no one can point to any one ofthese things and say, This is Babylon. The reality is, that all these (ie. theEuropean Union, United States with its big business, the Vatican, and otherpolitical and religious institutions) are made up of people, and it is IN THEHEARTS of people you will find Babylon. These entities have been allowed by Godto visibly show us Babylon and point to something of the nature of fallen man.The heart is deceitful above all things, And desperately wicked Who canknow it? (Jer 179).The origins of Babylon, as far as mankind is concerned, dates right back to thegarden of Eden when Adam and Eve were given a choice as to whether they wouldfollow the Lord through a life of obedience and faith, or try to become as Godthrough their own striving. From the beginning, Gods intention was that manwould manifest the image of God and grow into full maturity through obedienceto the will of the Lord. As we know, Adam and Eve chose to disobey and eat fromthe tree of knowledge of peachy and evil. From that time o... ...e it is the opposite of Go ds love which allows freedom of choice, it forces aperson(s) to behave a certain way, usually through emotional blackmail. Extremeforms of witchcraft used by the occult involve black magic. However, subtle formsof manipulation can not only be found in the personal lives of many believers, but as well as in the everyday running of many of Gods churches. Husbands and wives havefound that certain emotions will result in receiving a favourable response fromtheir spouse. Likewise, church leaders have found that certain words said in aparticular manner, or maybe a tear at the right time, or even a certain physicalgesture, is able to move the congregation towards the goal of that leadership. THISIS WITCHCRAFT This takes away a persons ability to make a free choice to obeyby FORCING their emotions to make a favourable response towards the onedisplaying these emotions. THIS RUNS CONTRARY TO GODS LAW OFLOVE..........Love commanded is not love at all. encounter CitedThe New Oxford Annotated B ible With the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, NewRevised Standard Version. Michael D. Coogan, editor. New York Oxford UP, 2001.Print.

Searching For Meaning in Apocalypse Now Essay examples -- Movie Film c

Searching For Meaning in Apocalypse Now Francis Ford Coppolas film Apocalypse Now takes the audience into a tense and obscure journey through the Vietnam fight. This long and agonizing journey is seen through the eyes of Captain Willard played by Martin Sheen. Sheen. Captain Willard is assigned to a mission that relies on him to assassinate Colonel Kurtz, who is played by Marlon Brando. Although Apocalypse Now is an examination of the many terrors of society that are connected to the Vietnam War, Coppola plays much of his film off Joseph Conrads novel The look of Darkness. Conrads story focuses on Captain Marlow who is parallel to Willard and the Colonel Kurtz possesses many of the same characteristics in both works. In both works, the Captain is to find the Colonel, but Coppola makes a genuinely significant change in his film. This significant change is the transition of Captain Marlow assigned to find Colonel Kurtz in the Congo, to Captain Willard assigned to assassinate Colone l Kurtz in Cambodia. The fact that Willard has now become an assassin of Kurtz is very important in Coppolas over all point. It especially is important for the last ten minutes of the movie when Willard real kills Kurtz. The final scenes of the film consist of Kurtz reading of the poem The Hollow Men and the interplay of Willard killing Kurtz while the Cambodian Natives kill a water buffalo in a ritualistic setting. These changes and departures of the ending of Heart of Darkness are made so Coppola can make his point about the Vietnam War and society. The point macrocosm that the Vietnam War was completely meaningless and a lost cause among several others. However, as will be shown, these points come in conflict with eachother and are voiceless to ... ... of the movie is. Apocalypse Now is definitely a movie fit for an audience who wishes to be stimulated with thought overload. The movie is filled with all kinds of metaphors to the Vietnam War and parallels to Heart of Darkness . Coppola makes alterations to Heart of Darkness to achieve his own personal point that is very different from Conrads, but his point is still not completely clear. Coppolas resistance to the war is obvious but he throws in a lot of other elements to try to add even more onto that. Coppola uses Kurtz to examine the importance of not judging, The Hollowness of Men, and the Christlike figure of Kurtz himself. All of these are great ideas, but the ideas are just scattered throughout the movie and show no cohesiveness. However, one can still appreciate Coppolas thought-provoking ideas without completely understanding what they all mean.

web dubois :: essays research papers

WEB DUBOISWEB Dubois was born and raised in Barrington, Massachusetts. After high school and with the help of friends and family, and a learnedness he received to Fisk College (now University), he eagerly to Nashville, Tennessee to further his education.This was his first trip south. And during his stay there, his knowledge of the race problem became clearer. He saw discrimination in ways he never dreamed of, and developed a determination to expedite the emancipation of his people. Consequently, he became a writer, editor, and an impassioned orator. And in the process, acquired a scrapper attitude toward the color bar. While he was teaching an Atlanta University, Dubois wrote about and studied Negro morality and Negro urbanization. During this period a controversy grew mingled with DuBois and Booker T. Washington, which later grew into a bitter personal battle. Washington argued the Black people should temporarily forego "political power, insistence on civil rights, and high education of Negro youth. They should concentrate altogether their energies on industrial education." DuBois believed in the higher education of a "Talented Tenth" who through their knowledge of fresh culture could guide the American Negro into a higher civilization. (DuBois Dusk of Dawn).When Dubois began to solicit help for organized determination and aggressive action on the helping of men who believe in Negro freedom and growth, twenty-nine men from fourteen states answered the call in Buffalo, New York. Five months later in January of 1906 the "Niagara Movement" was formed. Its objectives were to advocate civil justice and abolish caste discrimination. Though they were criticized for their radicalism, this was the first significant black organized protest movement of the twentieth century. The wrecking of the group was attributed to public accusations of fraud and deceit engineered presumably by Washington advocates. In 1909 most members of the Niagara Movement merged with some white liberals and thus the subject area Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born. DuBois was not altogether pleased with the group but agreed to stay on as Director of Publications and Research. He was also editor in chief of its publication the crisis for more than 20 years. He used his mighty pen to denounce racial injustice all over the country and grew more and more popular. This period marked the height of DuBois popularity. The Crisis magazine subscription rate had grown from 1000 in 1909 to over 10,000 in whitethorn of 1919.

An Analysis of Robert Frosts Mending Wall :: Mending Wall Essays

An Analysis of Robert Frosts Mending Wall Mending Wall, by Robert Frost portrays the routines of two lives who are continually secureness the fence, or wall, that separates their properties. If a stone is missing form the fence, you can bet that the two men are out on that point putting it back together piece by piece. Frosts description of every detail in this poem is quite interesting, very pleasant to read, and extremely imaginable. He leaves the reader to decide for himself what deductions he is to make from the reading. On one hand, Frost makes literal implications about what the two men are doing. For instance, they are physically putting the stones back, one by one. Their dedication, commitment, and constant drive shines through when reading how persistence these men seem about keeping the wall intact. Quite the contrary however, is the inferences that something even deeper is going on. There is a sharing experience taking place here. Indeed, by laboring so hard, each man is experiencing physical repercussions, but they are also using this sequence as a meet and greet period. We can gather from the beginning of the poem that the wall has many forces that keeps it in shambles. For instance, Frost writes ...that sends the frozen ground swell up under it and spills the upper boulders in the sun..., and I pitch come after them(hunters) and made repair where they have left not one stone on a stone... The man and his neighbor dont seem to have time for anything else, for it sounds as if they are constantly making repairs. Is there a reason for this? It is important to telephone circuit that not only are these men completing a manly task, but they are also building some type of relationship. If this were not an issue, the neighbor would not repeat Good fences make good neighbors. As the man tells his story, we find that even though the two men may be conversing and interacting, there is some distance between them at all times. The man says .. .on a day we meet to walk the line and set the wall between us once again. It seems to show that even though there is a need for friendship in each of us, it is equally as necessary for us to have our own space.