Derek Bentely Essay

Why Derek Bentley’s execution was important in changing attitudes to Capital Punishment? For serious crimes, such as murder, the government has introduced a punishment which is known as the Capital punishment. It’s a death penalty for the person who committed a crime. The government believed that the harshness in the punishment would deter crimes and also bring justice to the victim’s family. However, during the 20th centuary, there were concerns questioning the necessity of the death penalty.One of the controversial execution is of Derek Bentley, who was accused of murder and was executed as a result. On Sunday the 2nd November 1952, Bentley, aged 19, and Christopher Craig, aged 16 broke into a London Warehouse, intending to commite the crime of burglary. The arrival of the police at the scene sbotaged their intention and their plan to escape through the roof.In panic Criag shot one of the police, PC Sidney and killed him consequently. Eventhough both Craig and Bentley were charged with murder, it was only Bentley who was executed as Craig was under 18 and a law which was passed in 1933 stating that people under 18 could no longter be hanged restrained the execution of Craig. But the public’s concern was: was the exceution of Bentely fair at all? Since Bentley was known to have learning difficulties and had the mental age of 11, the local people though the execution was utterly unfair. In addition, Bentley didn’t own any weapon nor he pulled the trigger and shot the officer. This strongly suggests the injustice that’s in his execution and the poepl’s denail against it. This particular exceution changed many people’s attitudes toward Capital punishment overwhelmingly. People had gathered outside Wandsworth jail, where they showed great sympathy by singing and praying for him and also were protesting against the decision of the execution. Also, a petion of 200 members asking for the mercy of Bentley was passed around, to which the government showed no remorse to. Many pointed out that the mental age of Bentley is younger than Craig’s and this led to these protests against the useage of Capital punishment. To conclude, Bentley’s execution was one of the principal elements that has been the cause to abolish the Capital punishment and changed many people’s views as  it was inquitable to sentence someone with mental disabilities and who had not even committed murder to death.

Information Technology Management Essay

Information and communication technologies play critical roles in sustaining an organizations growth and profitability (Galliers & Leidner, 2003). If managed properly, investments in information and communication technologies can improve efficiency and effectiveness of business processes and an organization’s competitive posture in the market. Proper management of information and communication technologies investments can also enrich people’s lives in the organization improving job satisfaction and productivity. Galliers & Leidner, 2003). Success in managing information and communication investments depend largely on exercising good management practices like human capital management, staff training management, information technology architecture management and software management (Galliers & Leidner, 2003). However, with all the potential benefits of investments in information and communication projects, they can be risky, costly and unproductive if not managed properly (Galliers & Leidner, 2003). Organizations should therefore strive to attract and retain information technology personnel that are qualified and talented to ensure the success of information and technology investments. This is further complicated by a tight information and technology labor market where qualified information and technology personnel enjoy high mobility. Discussion The position I am required to design is a leadership position intended to provide technical direction and guide an organization in implementing strategic information and communication projects (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). The occupant of this position is expected to be able to handle a wide range of duties and responsibilities. He or she should be able to use his/ her exposure, technical experience and business knowledge in developing an organization’s technical plans and to advise senior management on information technology strategies, standards and governance (Galliers & Leidner, 2003). In addition he or she will be expected to monitor the industry’s trends in information technology and respond appropriately by formulating long term information technology strategies capable of improving an organization’s competitiveness. The senior information technology manager will work under the general supervision of the chief executive officer. In line with work plans and resource allocation coordination provided by the chief executive officer, he or she will be responsible for effective planning, supervision and delivery of assigned functions that fall within an information and communication department (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010) so as to ensure that an organization’s requirements for information systems and information technology are effectively and efficiently met. He will also be responsibility for ensuring that an organization’s computer systems have the capacity to meet the business needs of an organization by either upgrading existing systems or developing new systems (Info Tech Employment, 2008). Additional functions will include participation in planning, coordinating and setting policies for the development and implementation of an organization’s information technology strategies, supporting standards, procedures and practices, supervising and coordinating works of external firms in special projects or functions to ensure quality and timely delivery, providing consultant services in regards to procurement of new information technology equipments and computer systems, supervising members of staff assigned to special projects or functions and coordinating their training and development to ensure that they are up to the tasks and finally, developing and monitoring key performance indicators of assigned functions within an information technology department (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). The senior information technology manager is expected to have an excellent working knowledge in information technology and a commitment to keep up to dat e with the latest development (Galliers & Leidner, 2003). He should demonstrate people’s management skills with an ability to motivate staff members, provide a cooperative and productive work environment, manage resources effectively to achieve objectives, organize and coordinate work in the department and explain technical issues clearly (Info Tech Employment, 2008). He or she will be tasked with leading changes that fall within the information technology department, hence must be able to integrate organizational and departmental goals, priorities and values. In addition, he or she should have experience in managing large scale projects in information systems and technology (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). To fulfill these expectations, a university degree in computer science or related fields and appropriate professional certifications are mandatory. Moreover, the candidate of choice should have at least five years management experience in information technology. He should demonstrate experience with standard software applications and data manipulation, analysis and interpretation tools (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). Conclusion Information technology investments can be very beneficial to an organization as a whole if they are managed properly. Organizations should therefore strive to hire and retain qualified, experienced and talented information technology managers. This is not easy given the current information technology labor market. The labor market is characterized by high mobility of qualified labor and organizations must put in place effective measures to ensure they hire the right people. One of the measures an organization should take is defining clear structures and responsibilities of all employees in the information technology department. The senior information technology manager will provide technical direction and guidance to the organization in implementing strategic information technology projects. He will be responsible for ensuring effective and efficient management of resources within the information technology department.

Healthcare Management Essay

Executive Summary There are over 850,000 physicians practicing in the United States today, covering every imaginable specialty and sub-specialty (Young, Chaudhry, Rhyne, & Dugan, 2011). According to the World Health Organization (2000), even though our country spends more money per capita than any other country in the world, the USA ranks 37 out of the top 191 countries in the world in terms of overall health system performance. Although there are many reasons for this poor performance, several experts cite the lack of emphasis on primary care and true preventative medicine in the US (The Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System, 2011). This is a proposal to create a community ambulatory health center in a suburban community that would provide the setting for training family medicine residents. The establishment of such a center would allow a hospital to provide better primary care services to the uninsured and underinsured patients in its community. It may also help reduce unnecessary emergency room visits as well as hospital readmissions by providing quality care to these patients. A training program would also improve the hospital’s ability to recruit and retain actively admitting primary care physicians. The proposal discusses the process for choosing the center’s location, funding models, administrative structures, as well as staffing and architectural requirements. Strategy of Service Lines and Location As mentioned in the executive summary, it is well known that many communities in the US could benefit from increased access to primary care services (Commonwealth Fund Commission, 2011). Even within suburban communities that may appear seemingly affluent, there are often significant socioeconomically challenged populations. The parent hospital would have to conduct a SWOT analysis, to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Longest & Darr, 2008). In this case, the presence of a family medicine residency program is a great strength, both in clinical and economic ways. Family medicine residents (and their faculty) are well versed in current, best standards of care. Graduate medical education often provides significant revenue streams, as described below. Up to four residents can work under the supervision of a single faculty  physician; often the number of patients seen in a residency clinic far exceeds that of a private office. Weaknesses include the presence of other residency clinics in the region, as well as difficulties recruiting quality residents to a new training program that has no established reputation. It can also be difficult to recruit and retain skilled and motivated faculty physicians for progams, as the compensation for such academic positions is often less than that of purely clinical posts. Threats to this proposal include changes in GME funding (external environment) and the possibility of the residency program losing its accreditation (internal and external environment). In scanning the external environment of the organization, it is possible to identify specific geographic locations that have significant numbers of uninsured/underinsured patients (but still within the hospital’s catchment area). It would also have to be convenient to public transportation, such as bus stops, subway stations, or railroad stations. Analysis of the various economic, political, demographic, and regulatory sectors would also identify the best time and location to create such a clinic. Significant forecasting would also have to confirm that the current external environment would not change in a way that would significantly worsen the chances for the clinic’s success. The creation of this new community health center would fall under the hospital’s directional strategy, as most hospital’s mission and vision statements include caring for the needy in their communities (Longest & Darr, 2008). Management and Personnel Structure Being a hospital-owned facility, a hospital administrator would be the senior manager / liaison; this would most likely be the Vice President for Ambulatory Affairs or Chief Medical Officer. The organization itself would have two chief administrators reporting to the hospital liaison; an Administrative Director (who would be the middle manager responsible for the overall management and vision of the center) and a Medical Director (who would be responsible for clinical activities, supervision, and initiatives). The Medical Director might well be the hospital’s department Chair of Family Medicine. The family medicine residency program would require a full-time physician serving as both Director of Medical Education and residency Program Director. The residency itself would have 24 residents.  In order to maintain an appropriate ratio of preceptors to trainees, there would need to be at least 4 full-time faculty attending physicians (American Osteopathic Association, 2011) An office supervisor (first-level manager) would be responsible for the day-to-day operations in the front (reception) and back (finance) portions of the office. In the front office, the practice would need 3 receptionists who would register patients upon their arrival and answer telephone calls. They would also verify patients’ insurance status. The back office would require 2 coders who would be responsible for verifying correct coding for practice visits, submit claims, and process payments from both patients and third-party payors. Another clerical staff member would be needed to process pre-authorizations and referrals (both incoming and outgoing). Finally, a charting person would be needed (even in an electronic medical record-equipped practice) to accommodate incoming paper / faxed documents. The middle (clinical) part of the office, would require 2 medical assistants who would be responsible for bringing patients from the waiting room into the appropriate area (exam room, laboratory, or procedure room) and triage them (taking and recording vital signs, documenting the chief complaint, and verifying medications and allergies). A registered nurse and licensed practical nurse would be needed to administer vaccinations and medications. Finally, a phlebotomist / lab assistant would be needed to perform venipuncture’s, prepare specimens, and perform CLIA-waived tests. The registered nurse would also serve as the Clinical Supervisor (first-level manager) for the clinical support staff. Funding Model Medicare is the primary formal financier of graduate medical education programs, contributing 72 percent of all tax-financed support. Other federal payors include Medicaid (11 percent), the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (10 percent), the U.S. Department of Defense (3 percent), and the Bureau of Health Professions (3 percent) (Young & Coffman, 1998). A teaching hospital will receive direct medical education (DME) payments cover the cost of resident and faculty stipends and benefits, and overhead costs that are directly related to the teaching programs, such as ambulatory  office space. Hospitals also receive funding for indirect medical education (IME) costs because teaching hospitals have more complex case mixes, more uninsured patients, and provided services that were costly but not necessarily well reimbursed, such as trauma centers and transplants units (Cymet & Chow, 2011). These payments are, on average, total $100,000 per resident per year. However, over the last 20 years, the federal government has either frozen GME funding or in some cases, reduced it significantly (especially under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997) (Phillips, et al., 2004). Currently, the family medicine residents in this proposal do result in a net gain for the hospital. With an average salary of $45,000 plus $20,000 in benefits, the hospital stands to net $35,000 per resident. For a program of 24 residents (8 in each year), the hospital would have a net income of $840,000 from Medicare GME funding. Each of the faculty physicians would have their own clinical practice (about 0.25 FTE), so they would bill Medicare and third-party payors for their services. They would have a productivity plan whereby each month they would receive 25% of their revenue after fulfilling their monthly salary/benefit costs. Physical Characteristics / Layout of the Facility Because of the educational nature of the practice (i.e. a residency teaching clinic), the physical layout of the facility has specific needs. In the front portion of the office, the waiting room needs to have ample seating to allow for extended wait times associated with teaching clinics. The waiting room would also have to be child-friendly, with easily disinfected toys (i.e. no stuffed animals). Because many potential patients will have to apply for Medicaid or hospital-based charity programs, it would be ideal to have an office (or at least a kiosk) where a financial coordinator could meet with patients in a private area. Since this would be a multi-specialty practice with dozens of residents and attending physicians, there would need to be a large number of exam rooms, perhaps 18, all with exam tables equipped with stirrups to accommodate pelvic exams, Pap smears, and STD testing. There would also need to be a large procedure room to accommodate the need for various gynecological (colposcopy, endometrial biopsy, IUD placement/removal, etc.) and other types of procedures (suturing, biopsies. etc.). The center would also have a spacious area dedicated to residents for  charting and research, as well as two precepting rooms where clinical cases can be discussed with faculty physicians. There would be a conference room equipped with a computer and LCD projector for presentations and discussions. Numerous computer workstations throughout the clinic would allow access to an electronic medical records system. One exam room could be equipped for videotaping that is used (with the patient’s permission) to observe residents as they demonstrate the core competencies while providing patient care. The center would need a laboratory for the collection and processing of blood and other specimens. In order to avoid the same stringent regulations and testing associate with a hospital or reference laboratory, the center would only perform CLIA-waived tests such as finger-stick blood glucose testing, throat cultures, and urine dipstick analysis (CDC and CMS, 2006). The building would al so ideally have offices for each of the faculty attending physicians, as well as for administrative and support staff. Clinical Practice As mentioned previously, this community health center would offer multiple specialties. The main service would be primary care. Family medicine residents, under the supervision of faculty preceptors, would provide general internal medical, pediatric, obstetric (pre- and post-natal), and gynecologic care to patients of all ages. Additionally, other specialty physicians would be available for special â€Å"clinics†: obstetrics (perinatal) and advanced gynecology twice a week, dermatology once a week, and general surgery, gastroenterology, pulmonology, cardiology, and urology once a month. These specialty services are essential in serving the needs of the target population: uninsured and underinsured (i.e. Medicaid) patients who are unable to see these specialists in private practice. Credentialing The Chair of Family Medicine is responsible for maintaining records of each attending physician’s credentials. These would include a New York State Medical License (with updated registration), DEA registration (to prescribe controlled substances), copies of medical school and residency diplomas, proof of board certification (and maintenance), records of continuing  medical education, and CPR/Advanced Cardiac Life Support training cards. The Director of Medical Education / Residency Program Director is responsible for maintaining records for each resident physician such as their medical school diplomas/transcripts, licensing examination transcripts, ACLS training, and signed residency contracts. Local zoning and legal concerns Consideration must be given as to the choice of commercial property for this ambulatory health center. The ideal location would be a pre-existing medical office building that has already been zoned for a medical practice, and has the required number of parking spaces (especially handicapped) and adequate access in and out of the building. A multi-level building must have elevators that are compliant with ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) regulations. In County, a Certificate of Need must be granted before a new healthcare facility can be built. There are also village and town zoning ordinances that must be considered when modifying or creating a medical office building . The center would fall under the jurisdiction of the same regulatory bodies as that of its parent hospital, and would be setup as a not-for-profit organization, since a significant portion of its care would be uncompensated.

Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vietnam War - Essay Example For American soldiers it was very difficult even to move in jungle. They had to use special instruments like machete to move from one place to another. In order to survive in jungle Americans had to capture the whole settlements. As a result Americans lost much in this war. The interests of the both American and Vietnamese soldiers were not taken into account by the Vietnam War initiators. The problem lied in the fact that many Americans were against the war as well as Vietnamese. They organized strikes and meetings devoted to the question. Other countries of the world also were not pleased with what was happening as the war, which started due to the political interests, led to the death of hundreds of peaceful citizens. Moreover, many of these citizens provided American soldiers with help. The United States did not take into account the political consequences of their military actions on the territory of Vietnam. Actually, the goals of the war are still vague. Soldiers themselves could not understand what they were fighting for. Vietnamese were weaker in terms of military forces, but they were stronger mentally because they knew that they just had to defend. Today everybody knows about the huge military potential of the USA: even a little child every day can see modern American military techniques and bold soldiers on TV, in magazines, movies, computer games. It seems that military forces of the United States can do everything: help other peoples in their struggle with suppressors, neutralize dangerous terrorists, bring peace to dangerous regions and provide them with stability. The American military forces were not less powerful in 1970, but they still managed to fail the war with small undeveloped state – Vietnam. In this failure prejudices played not the last role. American soldiers were considered to be heroes, the mission of which is to defend poor and deprived. However, War in Vietnam destroyed these

You are What you eat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

You are What you eat - Essay Example is a documentary which seeks to portray the hazards of unhealthy eating and its deprecations. The article seeks to convince its viewers that eating natural foods and avoiding industrialized/manufactured foods is suitable for people’s health both in short and long term. The film received mixed reactions from both its critics and supporters, but generally it did achieve its primary objective of sensitizing the people against industrialized foods of which was a noble cause (Top documentary films). Hence, it is essential to choose carefully what one eats as it will determine how healthy the body will be. The documentary Food Inc. was directed by Robert Kenner and co-produced by Eric Schlosser who is also the author of Fast Food Nation. The film explains the situation which arises due to people consuming industrialized foods. It also offers a rejoinder through the president of Stoneyfield Farm which is a highly successful organic yoghurt farm. The film also highlights the acquisiti on of previously independent businesses by multinationals. Examples of such businesses include Kasha which was taken over by Kellogg and Cascadian Farm which was taken over by General Mills. Furthermore, the film portrays how dishonest some farmers are by showing an interview on Joel Salatin, the philosopher farmer from Polyface Farm who shamelessly guts a chicken while explaining how to farm honorably. There is also the issue of access and cost of the health oriented food where a customer drives for five hours so as to pay a premium for Salatin’s products (Top documentary films). One of the film’s sub claims is that most farms which grow organic food do so because of their own financial gain but not for the sake of the buyer and food consumer. This means that the proprietors of the farms can easily drop organic farming if the returns were matching expected profitable levels. A perfect example is Joel Salatin who is a philosopher farmer and is eating chicken while advi sing people on how to practice honorable farming. This clearly shows that even though such farmers know the advantages of organic farming, they are still not ready to abandon the unhealthy foods by consuming the food that they grow and sell to others. The situation also emphasizes on the fact that these categories of farms’ proprietors do not have the consumers’ interests at heart, but instead they engage in organic farming because they are assured of a ready market for their organic products. This market is made up of those people who are keen on what they eat and are aware of the effects foods have on their bodies. The farmers seem to be in the right form of business because their products are in demand and are selling at relatively high prices. This is justified considering the customers who drive for five hours just to get the organic products at a premium rate. Hence, it is justifiable to say that the motive of the film i.e. to portray the farm owners as people wh o engage in organic farming just for profit purposes was successful and effective. Many large companies are manufacturing food because it is much more profitable and less consuming. This is supported by the fact that industrialized foods take a shorter period to be delivered for consumption when compared with organic foods. Despite the disadvantages that come with industrialized foods, they are also beneficial in some ways. Some of the biggest advantages include the fact that they can withstand harsh conditions and are less prone to diseases and infections. These make the foods popular because many farmers and business people prefer to deal with foods that have minimal risk (Johnson 56). However, the advantages of industrialized foods are just a small incentive when compared with

Academic Honesty Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Academic Honesty Paper - Essay Example As such, academic honesty is required, because truth begets honesty. Without honesty, an academic paper, even how superbly it is written, would be a trash unworthy of space in any academic journal. There are various ways in achieving academic honesty in a paper: (1) the use of truthful information, (2) acknowledgement of sources, and (3) the author of the academic paper. Of the three, the first two gets the utmost attention, perhaps because these are easier to evaluate, especially with the current technology that enables easy detection of plagiarism. The last one rarely becomes an issue, not unless the author of the academic paper cannot in his/her own capacity explain the paper (Walvoord & Anderson, 2010, p. 138). An academic paper should be founded on truthful information. This implies three academic actions. One, the author should verify the correctness of any data before these are used in the paper, because an assertion that is based on incorrect data is indefensible. It can be e asily disputed. It’s just like building a house on a shallow ground that a simple natural calamity could bring it down. In this case, the paper is a failure from the start. Two, manipulation or suiting data to the author’s predetermined assertion constitutes dishonesty, whether or not data used are correct. Why this is so lies on the fact that it violates the truthful process of academic investigation – Data are gathered, verified, sorted out, interpreted and analyzed. Three, data should not be concocted, because even a fiction paper needs truthful data to be convincing. How much more for an academic paper that is supposed to investigate reality in search of truth? Instead of truth, what can be found from concocted data are myths and imaginations, which are what academic papers meant to debunk. Therefore, academic honesty means honest investigation. It is only in going through this compelling process of honest investigation that one can be able to produce a genu ine academic paper. Perhaps one would ask; what has the process of investigation anything to do in making an academic paper truly academic? This question essentially hits the essence of academic honesty which is learning. Why in the first place are academic papers required? Precisely so, it is one of the ways of learning where one is compelled to integrate theory and practice; where one is trained of the discipline of scholarly study; where one is taught how to discover new knowledge or to better understand knowledge; and where one is developed of values scholars should possess, such as inquisitiveness, perseverance, integrity, fearlessness and accuracy. Thus an academic paper is not simply a paper. It essentially reflects one’s level of knowledge and also one’s character. In other words, anyone committing academic dishonesty could only be perceived as dishonest, irresponsible, and weak – characters which are unfitting for scholars. This is what justifies univer sities in sanctioning students found guilty of academic dishonesty, because the act violates the very essence of academic study. To make an analogy: a student committing dishonesty is just like a law enforcer violating the law he/she is supposed to enforce. One may argue that if the essence of going through the process of investigation is learning, then learning could be done in short cut, especially if one has gone through the same process for many times. Why not? One may take that risk. But doing so might also result to missed new insights, because as everyone knows, there are no exactly similar things. In other words, one may have experienced undergoing a thorough investigation, but every single experience, whether or not the

Hells Angels and Their Connection to Organized Crime Term Paper

Hells Angels and Their Connection to Organized Crime - Term Paper Example According to the term paper "Hell Angels and their connection to Organized Crime" findings the longtime organization, Hells Angels have contributed to legendary stories that spread about their power and popularity. Because of these stories and the publicity smacks, many people started wondering if they were mere coincidences. Hells Angels have still continued to persuade the public that they are not anything more than a dedicated group who has the deep love for motorcycles and long road trips. But it seems like the international law enforcement thinks otherwise and this is why there have been immense crime reports about the Hells Angels and their members. These reports have increased ever since 1969 and increasingly they are seen on media due to the attempt they made to assassin Mick Jagger after he pointed the finger at them at the bust of stabbing death of a member of the audience at a Rolling Stones concert, yet, all this happens after the 60th anniversary of the Hells Angels. Alt hough most of the historians are confident about the fact that the organization started in March 1948 in California, there are still some groups of the organization where members still debate about when and who started Hells Angels. It was started in California as motorcycles and racing cars were popular in those areas. The name came from the Flying Tigers in WWII and was subtitled to be â€Å"Hell’s Angels† on votes by the 303rd Bombardment Group. Arvid Olsen had officially given the name Hells Angels Motorcycle Club.... Because of these stories and the publicity smacks, many people started wondering if they were merely coincidences. Hells Angels have still continued to persuade the public that they are not anything more than a dedicated group who has deep love for motorcycles and long road trips. But it seems like the international law enforcement thinks otherwise and this is why there have been immense crime reports about the Hells Angels and their members. These reports have increased ever since 1969 and increasingly they are seen on media due to the attempt they made to assassin Mick Jagger after he pointed the finger at them at the bust of stabbing death of a member of the audience at a Rolling Stones concert, yet, all this happens after the 60th anniversary of the Hells Angels. Although, most of the historians are confident about the fact that the organization started in March, 1948 in California, there are still some groups of the organization where members still debate about when and who star ted Hells Angels. It was started in California as motorcycles and racing cars were popular in those areas. The name came from the Flying Tigers in WWII and was subtitled to be â€Å"Hell’s Angels† on votes by the 303rd Bombardment Group. Arvid Olsen had officially given the name Hells Angels Motorcycle Club when they started operating in motorcycles as it was becoming the most popular pastime in America and elsewhere. When the organization had become a common name taken in the media for many of the reports that were made about them, one of the news also held that some of the trouble pilots in the WWII had contributed in starting and Hells Angels and joined it. Hells Angels disregarded this notion and pointed out that other than